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Supply chains are increasing asked by consumers, policy makers, and other stakeholders to deliver so-called credence attributes. Organic or locally-grown are both examples of credence attributes. Sustainability is an interesting emerging case. A business decision-maker’s immediate inclination is...
Intersectoral partnerships mirror the changing nature of the relationships among state, business and civil society organizations, and are often considered innovative mechanisms to overcome single actor failure in the context of globalization. This article analyses the capacity of partnerships to...
Cocoa production and trade has an ingloriously prominent position in Africa's Primary Commodity Dilemma. Adverse price movements for the raw beans as well as high barriers to entry in the markets for semi-processed and final products, along with a history of failed national and international...
This paper highlights a growing consensus among the key stakeholders involved in cocoa trade on principles underlying sustainable purchasing practices. Since the emergence of numerous initiatives that challenge conventional tropical commodity trading, sustainability in the sourcing and supply of...
Ecuador is one of the world’s leading providers of fine and aromatic cocoa, yet most of Ecuadorian small scale cocoa producers are poor. This is mostly considered to be caused by low agricultural output. This thesis examines a number of additional explanatory facts, with a focus on farm gate...
This study compares the approaches of Fair Trade (FT) and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the context of the cocoa industry. FT and CSR converge with respect to their market-based approach, their provision of private regulation in value chains, and their objective to offer a...
Within the last twenty years the link between market organization and development has come under increased scrutiny in response to the implementation of World Bank liberalization policies across many of sub-Saharan Africa’s agriculture markets. Under the neoliberal teachings of the Washington...
The pressure on the government and on its marketing institution to improve their efficiency (as measured by the share of the world price going to producers) rather than to seek full liberalization appears to have worked well in Ghana. Given the preponderance of smallholders in the sec- tor and...
With over $6 billion dollars in sales every year, the Hershey Company is one of the world’s largest producers of chocolate and candy products. Hershey’s products are sold in more than 70 countries and include Hershey’s Kisses and Hershey’s Milk Chocolate Bars as well as brands such as Reese’s,...
In Ghana, the liberalization of internal marketing started in 1992 with the introduction of private Licensed Buying Companies (LBCs) as competitors to the state-owned monopoly in buying cocoa from farmers. Thus, Ghana’s state-owned Marketing Board (Cocobod) still controls external marketing....
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